Keynote Lectures

3D-printing: A Future “Magic Wand” for Global Manufacturing - How Can We Benefit from It Today for Sports and Health Care?
Andrey Koptyug, Mid Sweden University, Sweden, Sweden

Functional Brain Imaging in Sport Science Using Electroencephalography: From Regional Activity to Brain Networks
Andreas Mierau, International University of Health, Exercise and Sports (LU:NEX), Luxembourg, Luxembourg

Technology in Sports and Exercise: Advantage for Performance and Athlete’s Protection or Increased Risk for Injury or Unfair Competion?
Gert-Peter Brüggemann, Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Germany, Germany

Abstract
3D-printing, or as it is also known, additive manufacturing (AM), is promising to be one of the determining manufacturing technologies of the present century. It is not a single technology but a family of rather different ones common in the way components are made, adding materials layer by layer. Additive manufacturing is already quite competitive to existing and well established technologies, but it also can provide unprecedented flexibility and complexity of shapes making components from the materials as different as cheese, chocolate and cream, live cells, concrete, polymers and metal. Many more materials we were not even thinking about few years ago are also becoming available in additive manufacturing, making it really believable that “only the sky is the limit”.
During the time available for the keynote lecture, we will analyze the present position of AM in relation to other technologies, the features that make it so promising and its influence upon the part of our life we call sports and health, using the examples relevant to the Congress areas from computer systems to sports performance. Out of all enormities of materials available for different representatives of this manufacturing family we will concentrate at polymers and metals. AM technologies working with these two material families are already providing some unique solutions within the application areas relevant to the Congress' scope. We will also talk about some limitations inherent to the AM in polymers and metals to have the awareness that though the limit is somewhere “high in the sky”, it still exists.

Abstract
For the past decade, the brain has been one of the most intensively studied human organ with a further notable growth of wider brain research expected to occur in the near future. Consequently, in a large number of scientific disciplines including sports science, functional brain imaging has expanded drastically. This development is linked to a growing popularity in the use of electroencephalography (EEG). EEG measures electrical brain activity as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. A number of different signal processing approaches can be used to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of brain processes underlying behavior. EEG provides excellent temporal resolution, it can be used in ecologically valid settings, and it is relatively low in cost when compared to other brain imaging options, for example functional magnetic resonance imaging. Its primary limitations are a relatively poor spatial resolution and no, or unreliable, information about subcortical information processing.
With a focus on the neurobiology, this keynote lecture will present examples of recent EEG-based brain imaging applications in sport science. Results from our laboratory as well as from colleagues will be presented and the diversity of important functional information extractable from the EEG signal will be discussed. Furthermore, technological requirements and computational challenges of EEG data analysis will be addressed.

Abstract
People have always thought the human body is ideal and has the most appropriate potential to enhance physical performance in sports. It is not and became evident that when working technology can make an athlete stronger or faster. This presentation will demonstrate the enormous development of technology and methodology in biomechanics of sports related to performance, sporting goods, apparatus and equipment. It will critically discuss the relevance and importance of technology for performance and it’ enhancement on one hand and the impact of human resources and training on the other hand. Technology of sporting goods and sport equipment is not only developed to enhance performance but also to decrease the risk of injury during sport activity and exercise. Technology also gives an enormous chance to include people with physical impairment in sports and exercise.
In the past decades technology in sport and exercise have dramatically changed and developed. Equipment in cycling, alpine skiing, pole vaulting and many other competitive but also recreational sports changed not only in regard to design and colour but also in relation to the mechanical functionality. Energy loss in using such equipment was reduced, the capacity to use e.g. the biomechanical potential of the muscle-tendon-system was increased. Changes in equipment like in skis facilitated to perform but obviously the risk of injury has not been cut down. Many of technological advantages in sporting goods and sporting technology do not meet the aim to reduce the risk of injury or even decrease the danger of failure. Technology enables athletes with physical impairment to participate in sports but at the same time opens the window for technology related advantages and an unfair competition.
Biomechanical and medical effects of advanced technology will critically be reviewed regarding to their efficiency and sustainability to the athlete in elite, recreational and handicapped sports and exercise.